"The members of the Council consider it of vital importance that adequate resources are available for the preparation, deployment and maintenance of the United Nations peace-keeping operations. This must be underlined all the more in view of the new challenges in prospect. They urge Member States to respond positively and rapidly to requests from the Secretary-General for contributions of financial, human and material resources for the operations. They emphasize that the operations must be launched and maintained on a sound and secure financial basis and stress the importance of full and timely payments of assessed contributions. At the same time, they underscore that the operations must be planned and conducted with maximum efficiency and cost-effectiveness.
"The members of the Council also emphasize the importance of political support by all Member States, and in particular by the parties concerned, for United Nations peace-keeping and for the action of the Secretary-General in conducting the operations. They stress that a peace-keeping operation is essentially a temporary measure, intended to facilitate the resolution of conflicts and disputes. Its mandate is not automatically renewable. Peace-keeping should never be construed as a substitute for the ultimate goal: an early negotiated settlement. In the light of this, the members of the

Council will continue to examine carefully the mandate of each operation and, when necessary, vary it in response to prevailing circumstances.
"The members of the Council, while recognizing the principle that peace-keeping should only be undertaken with the consent of the host countries and the parties concerned, urge the host countries and all parties involved to assist and facilitate in every way the successful and safe deployment and functioning of the United Nations peace-keeping operations in order to enable the fulfilment of their mandates, including the early conclusion of status-of-forces agreements with the United Nations and the provision of appropriate infrastructure support.
"The members of the Council are encouraged by recent achievements of United Nations peace-keeping. Bearing in mind the primary responsibility of the Council under the Charter of the United Nations, they express their determination to continue to work jointly and in co-operation with the Secretary-General for the prevention and resolution of international conflicts. The members of the Council remain ready to consider launching new peace-keeping operations as and when necessary in the interest of international peace and security, in accordance with the principles and purposes of the Charter."

THE SITUATION CONCERNING WESTERN SAHARA101

Decision
At its 2929th meeting, on 27 June 1990, the Council discussed the item entitled "The situation concerning Western Sahara: report of the Secretary-General (S/21360)". 102
Resolution 658 (1990)
or27 June 1990
The Security Council,
Recalling its resolution 621 (1988) of 20 September 1988, by which it decided to authorize the Secretary-General to appoint a special representative for Western Sahara and to request the Secretary-General to transmit to it as soon as possible a report on the holding of a referendum for self-determination of the people of Western Sahara and on ways and means to ensure the organization and supervision of such a referendum by the United Nations in co-operation with the Organization of African Unity,
Recalling also that, on 30 August 1988, the Kingdom of Morocco and the Frente Popular para la Liberaci6n de Saguia el-Hamra y de Rio de Oro gave their agreement in principle to the proposals of the Secretary-General of the United Nations and the current Chairman of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the Organization of
101 Resolutions or decisions on this question were also adopted by the Council in 1975 and 1988.
102 See Official Records of the Security Council, Forty-fifth Year. Supplement for April, May and June 1990.

African Unity in the framework of their joint mission of good offices,
Having considered the report of the Secretary-General on the situation concerning Western Sahara, 103
1. Expresses its full support to the Secretary-General in his mission of good offices, pursued jointly with the current Chairman of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the Organization of African Unity, with a view to settling the question of Western Sahara;
2. Approves the report of the Secretary-General, 103 transmitted to the Council in accordance with resolution 621 (1988) with a view to settling the question ofWestern Sahara, which contains the full text of the settlement proposals as accepted by the two parties on 30 August 1988 as well as an outline of the plan provided by the SecretaryGeneral in order to implement those proposals;
3. Calls upon the two parties to co-operate fully with the Secretary-General of the United Nations and the current Chairman of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the Organization of African Unity in their efforts aimed at an early settlement of the question of Western Sahara;
4. Welcomes the intention of the Secretary-General to dispatch, in the immediate future, a technical mission to the territory and to neighbouring countries, in particular to refine the administrative aspects of the outlined plan and to obtain the necessary information for the preparation of a further report to the Council;
5. Requests the Secretary-General to transmit to the
103 Ibid., document S/21360.

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Security Council as soon as possible a further detailed report on his implementation plan, containing, in particular, an estimate of the cost of the United Nations Mission for the referendum in Western Sahara, on the understanding that this further report should be the basis on

which the Council would authorize the establishment of the Mission.
Adopted unanimously at the 2929th meeting.

THE SITUATION BETWEEN IRAQ AND KUWAIT

Decision

Resolution 661 (1990)

At its 2932nd meeting, on 2 August 1990, the Council decided to invite the representatives of Iraq and Kuwait to participate, without vote, in the discussion of the item entitled:
"The situation between Iraq and Kuwait:
"Letter dated 2 August 1990 from the Permanent Representative of Kuwait to the United Nations addressed to the President ofthe Security Council (S/21423); 104
"Letter dated 2 August 1990 from the Permanent Representative of the United States of America to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council (S/21424)". 104

of 6 August 1990
The Security Council,
Reaffirming its resolution 660 (1990) of2 August 1990,
Deeply concerned that that resolution has not been implemented and that the invasion by Iraq of Kuwait continues, with further loss of human life and material destruction,
Determined to bring the invasion and occupation of Kuwait by Iraq to an end and to restore the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of Kuwait,
Noting that the legitimate Government of Kuwait has expressed its readiness to comply with resolution 660 (1990),

Resolution 660 (1990)
of 2 August 1990
The Security Council,
Alarmed by the invasion of Kuwait on 2 August 1990 by the military forces of Iraq,
Determining that there exists a breach of international peace and security as regards the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait,
Acting under Articles 39 and 40 of the Charter of the United Nations,
1. Condemns the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait;
2. Demands that Iraq withdraw immediately and unconditionally all its forces to the positions in which they were located on 1 August 1990;
3. Calls upon Iraq and Kuwait to begin immediately intensive negotiations for the resolution of their differences and supports all efforts in this regard, and especially those of the League of Arab States;
4. Decides to meet again as necessary to consider further steps to ensure compliance with the present resolution.
Adopted at the 2932nd meeting by 14 votes to none. One member (Yemen) did not participate in the vote.

Mindful of its responsibilities under the Charter of the United Nations for the maintenance of international peace and security,
Affirming the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence, in response to the armed attack by Iraq against Kuwait, in accordance with Article 51 of the Charter,
Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter,
1. Determines that Iraq so far has failed to comply with paragraph 2 of resolution 660 (1990) and has usurped the authority of the legitimate Government of Kuwait;
2. Decides, as a consequence, to take the following measures to secure compliance of Iraq with paragraph 2 of resolution 660 (1990) and to restore the authority of the legitimate Government of Kuwait;
3. Decides that all States shall prevent:
(a) The import into their territories of all commodities and products originating in Iraq or Kuwait exported therefrom after the date of the present resolution;
(b) Any activities by their nationals or in their territories which would promote or are calculated to promote the export or trans-shipment of any commodities or products from Iraq or Kuwait; and any dealings by their nationals or their flag vessels or in their territories in any commodities or products originating in Iraq or Kuwait and exported therefrom after the date of the present resolution, including in particular any transfer of funds to Iraq or Kuwait for the purposes of such activities or dealings;

Decision
At its 2933rd meeting, on 6 August 1990, the Council proceeded with the discussion of the item.
104 See Official Records of the Security Council, Forty-fifth Year, Supplement for July, August and September 1990.

(c) The sale or supply by their nationals or from their territories or using their flag vessels of any commodities or products, including weapons or any other military equipment, whether or not originating in their territories but not including supplies intended strictly for medical purposes, and, in humanitarian circumstances, foodstuffs,
to any person or body in Iraq or Kuwait or to any person
or body for the purposes of any business carried on in or operated from Iraq or Kuwait, and any activities by their

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